When quantitative physical-chemical
tests and analyses are performed, the concept of uncertainty is usually
unnoticed, giving for fact that the proportionate measure is absolutely exact
and precise. It is assumed that the test or analysis process is normalized,
well because international standard procedures are used for its execution, or
because internal procedure validations are developed and performed by
laboratories, which demonstrate their competence and rigor by carrying out
these tests or analyses.
However, every test or
analysis where any kind of measurement is required, even if it has been strictly
carried out, has associated an uncertainty ratio (wider or narrower). This
ratio depends on several factors, such as the equipment used, the
reproducibility factor of the test, or the technical competence of the staff
that performs the corresponding analysis
S%: 0,005 ±
0,001
Example
1. Expanded uncertainty calculated for 95% confidence interval on the result of
a chemical analysis from Sulphur done by an automatic analyzer.
Though it continues being
frequent to see certificates of analyses in which this uncertainty ratio is not
indicated, all tests have an associates uncertainty level. This uncertainty ratio
must be coherent and realistic with what the laboratory could provide for this
test or this concrete analyzed parameter. In other words, if the laboratory could
repeat the test of a homogeneous and stable sample (which does not alter over
time), its uncertainty should cover all the variables that could affect in the
measurement and the value of that parameter should always be within the range
that allows its uncertainty ratio. Summarizing, the uncertainty of the test
shows the range of the values where the laboratory could give the results of a
concrete parameter.
S%: 0,004
-
0,006
Measurement range from
Example1: The uncertainty ratio would indicate that this laboratory could
certificate the Sulphur content for the same sample in this range of values.
In this regard, it is
necessary to raise a slightly deeper consideration. Can the uncertainty ratio provide
additional information about how this test or this analysis is performed?
There is an open discussion
and certain debate at the moment trying to provide an answer to this matter. In
one hand, on the basis that the uncertainties are defined by estimations, even
if there are international guidelines that could help in their estimation, the
truth is that even though they are justified the uncertainties have a
subjective nature that, in most of the cases, try to minimize their level.
The reason that leads to
this practice might give response to the question raised before. By definition,
a low uncertainty ratio evidences that the equipment and the reference standard
material used has an excellent resolution, that the test or the analysis has a
high accuracy and that the precision and the procedure developed by the
laboratory is so robust that minimize other kind of factors that could impact
in the outcome of test.
When information is given
in terms of fulfillment of the physical-chemical characteristics which are
needed in agreement to a certain standard or specification, a low uncertainty ratio
facilitates this classification.
Figure 1.Directives to report on the fulfillment with specifications (ILAC G8:03/2009)
Nevertheless, there are
practices that take to such an end this concept that those who know the test or
the way of determining a parameter, know if these uncertainties reflect the
reality, or if they are simply results of merely statistical developments.
Therefore, it is necessary
to have certain caution to value the extra information that the uncertainty
ratios could provide since depending on the guides used for its estimation,
very diverse results could be obtained coming from the same information.
The trend during the last
years is focused on having historical values, which could allow us by sight and
control charts to estimate which is the uncertainty of our test.
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